Sources and Further Reading for the Manifesto
Annotated Bibliography · 33 Sources · 9 Thematic Pathways
This bibliography accompanies the Manifesto of The Mindful Lab and offers pathways for further exploration of the relationships between human experience, cognitive science, mindfulness, philosophy, psychology, and spiritual traditions. The works are grouped by thematic affinity, not according to any hierarchy of value among disciplines.
Methodological note — This bibliography includes empirical studies, literature reviews, theoretical models, philosophical works, and texts from contemplative and spiritual traditions. Each reference is included for the contribution it makes to the subject, according to its nature: scientific findings must be understood within the methods and limitations of the relevant studies; philosophical reflections develop arguments; spiritual works document teachings and perspectives within their respective traditions. Including a source does not imply endorsement of every claim it contains, nor does it justify transferring conclusions from one field to another. Where necessary, individual entries retain specific qualifications to support an accurate interpretation of the reference.
Explore the Nine Thematic Pathways
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- Mindfulness, Meditation, and Neuroscience
- Consciousness, Perception, and Lived Experience
- Autonomy, Compassion, and Personal Development
- Experience, Learning, and Transformation
- Human Relationships, Authenticity, and Dialogue
- Analytical Psychology, the Shadow, and Individuation
- Spirituality and Contemplative Traditions
- Spiritual Cosmologies, Solar Activity, and Geomagnetism
- Technology, Artificial Intelligence, and Discernment
1. Mindfulness, Meditation, and Neuroscience
1. Goyal, M., Singh, S., Sibinga, E. M. S., Gould, N. F., Rowland-Seymour, A., Sharma, R., Berger, Z., Sleicher, D., Maron, D. D., Shihab, H. M., Ranasinghe, P. D., Linn, S., Saha, S., Bass, E. B., & Haythornthwaite, J. A. (2014).
Type: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-being: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(3), 357–368.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018
A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies on meditation. The evidence examined indicates generally small to moderate improvements in certain outcomes, particularly anxiety, depressive symptoms, and pain. This is a relevant reference for the Manifesto’s discussion of mindfulness, while preserving the distinction between documented benefits and the contemplative significance of the practice.
2. Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011).
Type: Neuroscientific review and theoretical model
How Does Mindfulness Meditation Work? Proposing Mechanisms of Action From a Conceptual and Neural Perspective.
Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537–559.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611419671
The article presents a theoretical model of possible mechanisms involved in mindfulness practice, with particular attention to attention regulation, body awareness, emotion regulation, and changes in perspective on the self.
The authors integrate findings from experimental studies, practitioners’ accounts, and neuroscientific research, offering an interpretative framework for understanding some processes associated with meditation.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 3, on mindfulness and neuroscience, and Section 4, regarding the observation of emotions, automatic patterns, and bodily experience.
3. Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2008).
Type: Theoretical review of meditation practices
Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation.
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(4), 163–169.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.005
This review examines two approaches frequently investigated in meditation research: focused attention and open monitoring.
The authors consider the attentional processes involved in contemplative practices and discuss how different forms of meditation can be studied through cognitive psychology and neuroscience.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 3, on mindfulness and neuroscience, and Section 4, regarding the conscious observation of the contents of experience.
2. Consciousness, Perception, and Lived Experience
4. Clark, A. (2013).
Type: Theoretical model in cognitive science
Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36(3), 181–204.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X12000477
This theoretical article examines the predictive processing model, according to which perception and action involve processes of prediction and comparison with sensory information.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 2, on expectations and conditioning that influence how we perceive reality, and Section 3, on neuroscience.
5. Varela, F. J., Thompson, E., & Rosch, E. (1991).
Type: Interdisciplinary philosophical and scientific work
The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/6730.001.0001
An interdisciplinary work exploring the relationship between cognitive science, phenomenology, and lived human experience, while opening a dialogue with Buddhist contemplative psychology.
The authors propose a perspective in which cognition is deeply connected to the body, action, and our relationship with the environment.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Sections 1, 3, and 4, especially the centrality of lived experience, dialogue between different forms of knowledge, and the relationship between intellectual understanding and direct experience.
6. Husserl, E. (1913).
Type: Primary philosophical work — phenomenology
Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie. Erstes Buch.
Known as Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy, First Book (Ideas I). English edition: translated by F. Kersten, Martinus Nijhoff, 1982.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/husserl/
A foundational work of phenomenology in which Edmund Husserl develops a method for investigating conscious experience, examining intentionality—the quality of consciousness by which it is directed towards something. The phenomenological perspective attends to the way phenomena appear in experience and explores the structures through which we give them meaning.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 1, on the universe of human experience; Section 3, on the value of lived experience as a perspective for understanding; and Section 4, on the relationship between intellectual knowledge and direct experience.
7. Merleau-Ponty, M. (1945).
Type: Primary philosophical work — phenomenology
Phénoménologie de la perception.
Paris: Gallimard. English edition: Phenomenology of Perception, translated by Donald A. Landes, Routledge.
https://www.routledge.com/Phenomenology-of-Perception/Merleau-Ponty-Landes/p/book/9780415834339
A foundational work of contemporary phenomenology in which Maurice Merleau-Ponty explores the role of the lived body in perception and in our relationship with the world. He describes perception as a dimension of embodied existence, closely connected with movement, action, and our relationship with the environment.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Sections 1 and 3, on the complexity of human experience, and Section 4, particularly its attention to the body and direct experience.
3. Autonomy, Compassion, and Personal Development
8. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000).
Type: Psychological theory
Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being.
American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
A foundational article on self-determination theory. The authors examine the role of three psychological needs—autonomy, competence, and relatedness—in motivation, self-regulation, and well-being.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 2, on personal autonomy; Section 5, on freedom of choice; and Section 7, on relationships, participation, and respect for individuality.
9. Neff, K. D. (2003).
Type: Theoretical article in psychology
Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself.
Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
The article introduces the psychological concept of self-compassion, identifying three core components: self-kindness, recognition of our common humanity, and mindfulness.
The author explores how a compassionate attitude towards oneself may offer an alternative to excessive self-criticism, isolation, and rigid identification with painful thoughts and emotions.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 5, particularly the loving acceptance of personal vulnerabilities and the recognition of difficult-to-accept inner dimensions.
4. Experience, Learning, and Transformation
10. Dewey, J. (1938).
Type: Primary work in philosophy of education
Experience and Education.
New York: Macmillan.
https://search.worldcat.org/title/Experience-and-education/oclc/755363
A foundational work in the philosophy of education in which John Dewey explores the role of experience in learning, emphasising continuity between experiences and their interaction with context.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 4, on the relationship between knowledge and direct experience, and Section 2, where the laboratory is presented as a space for inquiry and participation.
11. Kolb, D. A. (1984).
Type: Theoretical model of learning
Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
https://books.google.com/books?id=ufnuAAAAMAAJ
This work presents a theoretical model of experiential learning organised around concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualisation, and active experimentation.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 4, particularly the possibility of moving from information to observation, experience, and integration into everyday life.
5. Human Relationships, Authenticity, and Dialogue
12. Rogers, C. R. (1961).
Type: Primary work in humanistic psychology
On Becoming a Person: A Therapist’s View of Psychotherapy.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
https://search.worldcat.org/title/172718
A foundational work of the person-centred approach in which Carl Rogers explores the relationship between authenticity, acceptance, empathic understanding, and personal development. Drawing on clinical experience and psychological reflection, Rogers describes the qualities of relationships that can provide favourable conditions for growth and self-exploration. His approach recognises the person’s capacity for direction and development, which can be supported by a respectful, non-directive, and authentic relationship.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 2, on autonomy and discernment, and Section 7, on listening, trust, respect for personal uniqueness, and freedom of choice.
13. Buber, M. (1923).
Type: Primary philosophical work — dialogical philosophy
Ich und Du.
Leipzig: Insel Verlag. English title: I and Thou.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buber/
A foundational work of dialogical philosophy in which Martin Buber explores the meaning of relationship through the distinction between I–Thou and I–It. Buber’s perspective places particular importance on encountering another person in their presence and uniqueness, without reducing them to an object of knowledge, use, or interpretation. Dialogue is explored as a fundamental dimension of human existence, with philosophical, spiritual, and relational implications.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 7, on recognising personal uniqueness, the quality of relationships, respect for different perspectives, and individual freedom.
The I–Thou and I–It distinction concerns relationships within Buber’s philosophy. Any application to relationships with artificial intelligence would be a contemporary interpretation, not a thesis advanced by Buber himself.
6. Analytical Psychology, the Shadow, and Individuation
14. Jung, C. G. (1951; accessible English edition, 1979).
Type: Primary work in analytical psychology
Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self.
The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Volume 9, Part II.
Princeton University Press.
https://books.google.com/books?id=FRCnDwAAQBAJ
A central work of Jungian analytical psychology, exploring the relationship between ego, shadow, and Self, as well as religious, Gnostic, and alchemical symbolism.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 5, particularly the encounter with one’s shadow, recognition of inner aspects that are not yet fully integrated, and the path of self-knowledge.
15. Jung, C. G. (1966).
Type: Primary work in analytical psychology
Two Essays in Analytical Psychology.
The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Volume 7. Second edition, Princeton University Press.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hhr7s
The volume brings together two foundational essays in analytical psychology: On the Psychology of the Unconscious and The Relations between the Ego and the Unconscious.
Jung explores the relationship between consciousness and the unconscious, the role of the conscious personality, and the process of individuation. Particular attention is given to recognising and differentiating unconscious contents, rather than allowing the ego to identify with them without awareness.
Individuation is presented as a process of psychological development through which a person can establish a more conscious relationship with the different dimensions of their psyche.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 5, on recognising inner aspects that are not fully integrated, developing self-knowledge, and increasing freedom of choice.
16. Jung, C. G. (1978).
Type: Collection of primary texts in analytical psychology
Psychology and the East.
Princeton University Press.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv10crfpm
A collection of writings in which Carl Gustav Jung explores the relationship between analytical psychology and Eastern spiritual traditions, including Buddhism, Taoism, and yoga.
Through his examination of contemplative texts and teachings, Jung explores the relationships between spiritual experience, religious symbolism, and psychological processes, recognising the value of Eastern traditions while considering their differences from Western psychology.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Sections 3 and 5, particularly the dialogue between psychology and spirituality, self-knowledge, and transformation of consciousness.
17. Stein, M. (2019).
Type: Comparative theoretical article in Jungian psychology
Psychological individuation and spiritual enlightenment: some comparisons and points of contact.
Journal of Analytical Psychology, 64(1), 6–22.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5922.12462
The article examines relationships between the process of individuation described in Jungian analytical psychology and the path of spiritual enlightenment, considering possible convergences and differences.
Through a comparison with Zen tradition, especially the Ten Ox-Herding Pictures, Murray Stein explores some shared aspects of paths of inner transformation while keeping their respective perspectives distinct.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 5, on integration of the shadow, self-knowledge, inner sovereignty, and the possibility of an evolution of consciousness.
7. Spirituality and Contemplative Traditions
18. Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta — Majjhima Nikāya 10 (MN 10).
Type: Traditional religious text — translation
The Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness.
A text from the Pāli Canon of the Theravāda Buddhist tradition.
English translation by Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu:
https://www.dhammatalks.org/suttas/MN/MN10.html
The discourse presents four fundamental domains of contemplation: the body, feelings or affective tones, the mind, and mental phenomena.
The practice described encourages mindful observation of the phenomena of experience within the Buddhist path of liberation.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 3, on the contemplative roots of mindfulness, and Section 4, on direct observation of experience.
19. Ānāpānasati Sutta — Majjhima Nikāya 118 (MN 118).
Type: Traditional religious text — translation
The Discourse on Mindfulness of Breathing.
A text from the Pāli Canon of the Theravāda Buddhist tradition.
English translation by Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu:
https://www.dhammatalks.org/suttas/MN/MN118.html
The discourse describes a contemplative path based on mindfulness of breathing, incorporating attention to the body, feelings, the mind, and particular aspects of contemplative experience.
It places breath practice within a broader spiritual path, connecting it with the foundations of mindfulness and the factors of awakening.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Sections 3 and 4, particularly the relationship between attention, bodily experience, observation of the mind, and deepening awareness.
20. Chödrön, P. (1994).
Type: Contemporary contemplative work
Start Where You Are: A Guide to Compassionate Living.
Boston: Shambhala Publications.
https://search.worldcat.org/title/29184413
A contemporary work in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition devoted to developing compassion and meeting difficult aspects of personal experience with greater awareness.
Drawing on lojong teachings, a form of mind training also based on traditional contemplative maxims, Pema Chödrön describes a path in which acknowledging one’s vulnerabilities becomes an integral part of developing compassion towards oneself and others.
The author invites readers to encounter inner difficulties without denying or rejecting them, cultivating a more open and mindful relationship with their experience.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 5, particularly the loving acceptance of vulnerabilities, recognition of difficult-to-accept parts of oneself, and the possibility of inner transformation.
21. James, W. (1902).
Type: Primary work in philosophy and psychology of religion
The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature.
New York: Longmans, Green & Co.
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/wkfv6fww
A foundational work in the psychology and philosophy of religion, based on the Gifford Lectures delivered by William James in 1901–1902. James examines numerous accounts of individual religious and spiritual experiences, exploring their characteristics, meanings, and effects on people’s lives. The book also considers mystical experience and the relationship between personal experience, interpretation, and the search for meaning.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 3, on spirituality and the value of lived experience, and Section 5, on inner transformation and the search for meaning.
22. Otto, R. (1917).
Type: Primary work in philosophy of religion
Das Heilige: Über das Irrationale in der Idee des Göttlichen und sein Verhältnis zum Rationalen.
Breslau: Trewendt & Granier. English title: The Idea of the Holy.
https://search.worldcat.org/title/4707601
A foundational work in the philosophy and phenomenology of religion, in which Rudolf Otto develops the concept of the numinous to describe a particular dimension of the experience of the sacred. He explores aspects of religious experience that he considers not fully expressible through rational categories, while acknowledging the role of reflection and intellectual understanding.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 3, on spirituality, transcendence, and the meaning of inner experiences, and Section 4, where the text acknowledges experiences that cannot be fully put into words.
8. Spiritual Cosmologies, Solar Activity, and Geomagnetism
23. Wang, C. X., Hilburn, I. A., Wu, D.-A., Mizuhara, Y., Cousté, C. P., Abrahams, J. N. H., Bernstein, S. E., Matani, A., Shimojo, S., & Kirschvink, J. L. (2019).
Type: Experimental neurophysiological study
Transduction of the Geomagnetic Field as Evidenced from alpha-Band Activity in the Human Brain.
eNeuro, 6(2), ENEURO.0483-18.2019.
https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0483-18.2019
An experimental study observing changes in alpha-band EEG activity in response to particular rotations of magnetic fields at Earth-strength intensity. It is relevant to research on possible human neurophysiological responses to geomagnetic stimuli. It does not demonstrate conscious perception of the magnetic field or a spiritual evolution of consciousness.
Free full text: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6494972/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6494972/
24. Chezzi, C. D., Saroka, K. S., Branigan, K. S., Levac, S. J., & Dotta, B. T. (2026).
Type: Exploratory observational and experimental study — alpha and theta EEG
Delayed Correlations Between Geomagnetic Activity and Human EEG Alpha and Theta Oscillations: Evidence from Archival and Experimental Data.
Brain Sciences, 16(6), article 547.
https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16060547
Free full text: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13296945/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13296945/
The study compares geomagnetic activity with EEG recordings from 238 participants and includes a simulated-exposure experiment involving 22 participants. The authors report delayed associations, peaking at around 19 days, in theta and alpha bands. The two study components differ in the direction of the effects; neither the mechanism nor the cognitive or subjective significance has been established. This research concerns measurable brain oscillations, not higher states of consciousness.
25. Mulligan, B. P., & Persinger, M. A. (2012).
Type: Exploratory experimental study — theta EEG
Experimental simulation of the effects of sudden increases in geomagnetic activity upon quantitative measures of human brain activity: Validation of correlational studies.
Neuroscience Letters, 516(1), 54–56.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.03.054
Free abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22484013/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22484013/
Examining exposure to weak, modulated magnetic fields, the study reports changes in theta activity over the right parietal region, varying with exposure intensity. This is a preliminary experiment useful for developing neurophysiological hypotheses. The abstract is freely accessible, while the publisher’s full text may require a subscription.
26. Pobachenko, S. V., Kolesnik, A. G., Borodin, A. S., & Kaliuzhin, V. V. (2006).
Type: Exploratory observational study — EEG and Schumann resonance correlations
The contingency of the parameters of the human brain electroencephalograms and electromagnetic fields of the Schuman resonator based on monitoring studies [article in Russian].
Biofizika, 51(3), 534–538.
Free bibliographic record and abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16808355/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16808355/
The authors report statistical associations between EEG variations in the 6–16 Hz range and environmental electromagnetic oscillations associated with Schumann resonances. Concurrent monitoring does not establish a causal relationship or generalisable brain synchronisation. The original article is in Russian; this description is based on the bibliographic record and available abstract.
27. Saroka, K. S., Vares, D. E., & Persinger, M. A. (2016).
Type: Exploratory EEG study — spectral comparison and temporal coherence
Similar Spectral Power Densities Within the Schumann Resonance and a Large Population of Quantitative Electroencephalographic Profiles: Supportive Evidence for Koenig and Pobachenko.
PLOS ONE, 11(1), e0146595.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146595
Free full text: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0146595https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0146595
The article compares EEG spectral profiles with Schumann resonances and discusses brief episodes of coherence between signals. Similarity in frequencies or observed coherence does not, in itself, establish a causal coupling mechanism or an effect on meditation or the evolution of consciousness.
28. Sri Yukteswar Giri (work dated 1894; accessible edition, 1972).
Type: Modern spiritual work — interpretation of the Yugas
The Holy Science.
This work presents a particular interpretation of the Yuga cycles and their relationship with periods in the development of human awareness. The author proposes an overall ascending and descending cycle of 24,000 years, distinct from traditional Hindu chronology.
Identified bibliographic edition: The Holy Science: Kaivalya Darsanam, 7th ed., Los Angeles: Self-Realization Fellowship, 1972 (copyright 1949). WorldCat catalogue: https://search.worldcat.org/title/410460.
Book presentation from the Yogoda Satsanga Society of India: https://yssofindia.org/product/the-holy-sciencehttps://yssofindia.org/product/the-holy-science
29. Blavatsky, H. P. (1888).
Type: Primary esoteric work — Theosophy
The Secret Doctrine: The Synthesis of Science, Religion, and Philosophy.
Vol. I: Cosmogenesis. Vol. II: Anthropogenesis.
The Theosophical Publishing Company.
https://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/sd/sd-hp.htm
A foundational work of modern Theosophy. It explores an esoteric cosmology in which cosmic and planetary cycles are interpreted in relation to the evolution of the universe and humanity. It is a primary source for understanding a historically significant philosophical and esoteric perspective.
30. Steiner, R. (1910).
Type: Primary esoteric work — Anthroposophy
Die Geheimwissenschaft im Umriss.
Known in English as An Outline of Occult Science or Occult Science: An Outline.
Work no. GA 13.
https://rsarchive.org/Books/GA013/
This work presents the Anthroposophical view of the cosmic, terrestrial, and spiritual evolution of the human being. It is a primary source for studying this perspective, distinct from Blavatsky’s Theosophy and Sri Yukteswar’s interpretations of the Yugas.
31. Viṣṇu Purāṇa — Book I, Chapter 3.
Type: Traditional religious text — translation
A text from the Hindu Purāṇic tradition, composed over a long and layered period that cannot be assigned to a single year.
English translation by Horace Hayman Wilson (1840):
The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition.
https://sacred-texts.com/book/the-vishnu-purana/chapter-iii
The chapter describes a cyclical understanding of cosmic time, outlining the four ages or Yugas and their place within broader temporal cycles such as the Mahāyuga.
The tradition presents a cosmology in which time is organised into extensive recurring periods with particular religious and philosophical meanings.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 6, concerning spiritual traditions that attribute meaning to great cosmic cycles.
A primary source from a religious tradition, consulted through a historical translation. It is particularly useful for distinguishing Purāṇic cosmology from modern reinterpretations of the Yugas, such as Sri Yukteswar’s account.
Its content documents the existence and characteristics of a spiritual conception of time; it does not constitute scientific evidence for the duration of cosmic cycles or their effects on the evolution of consciousness.
9. Technology, Artificial Intelligence, and Discernment
32. Risko, E. F., & Gilbert, S. J. (2016).
Type: Theoretical review in cognitive psychology
Cognitive Offloading.
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(9), 676–688.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.07.002
A scientific review of cognitive offloading: the use of external tools and actions to reduce the cognitive demands of a task. It examines the conditions that encourage this delegation and its possible effects on mental processes.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 6, on consciously choosing which activities to entrust to technological tools and which capacities to continue exercising directly.
33. Lee, H.-P., Sarkar, A., Tankelevitch, L., Drosos, I., Rintel, S., Banks, R., & Wilson, N. (2025).
Type: Survey-based empirical study
The Impact of Generative AI on Critical Thinking: Self-Reported Reductions in Cognitive Effort and Confidence Effects From a Survey of Knowledge Workers.
Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, article 1121, 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3713778
A survey-based study involving 319 professionals who use generative artificial intelligence tools in their work, collecting 936 examples of use. The researchers examined the relationship between trust in the tools, perceived cognitive effort, and the ways critical thinking is exercised.
In the Manifesto, this reference relates to Section 6, on changes introduced by artificial intelligence and the importance of preserving discernment, personal participation, and autonomy of choice.
An empirical study directly relevant to the use of AI. The findings primarily concern participants’ self-reported perceptions and behaviours; they do not demonstrate a permanent decline in cognitive abilities or critical thinking.
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